Life-Cycle Carbon Analysis of Zero-Carbon Buildings: Where Emissions Come From and How to Cut Costs
azobuild.comA new study published in Buildings provides a detailed life-cycle carbon analysis of zero-carbon buildings, using a case study in China. The research found that building operation accounts for 75.5% of total emissions over a 50-year lifespan, while material production contributes 24.19%, with concrete, steel, and mortar responsible for over 94% of embodied carbon. Transportation, construction, and demolition together make up less than 1%. The study also compared two carbon offset strategies for achieving carbon neutrality: expanding on-site photovoltaic capacity versus purchasing green electricity certificates. Expanding solar capacity proved more cost effective over the long term, with an equivalent annual cost of $206,589.58 compared to $316,223.13 for green electricity purchases. The authors recommend a whole-life-cycle approach that combines energy efficiency, low-carbon materials, and on-site renewable generation. For designers and policymakers, the findings highlight that operational energy use and embodied carbon in materials remain the primary targets for emission reduction. The framework offers a practical tool for evaluating both environmental and economic performance, supporting more informed decisions in zero-carbon building design.