Italy nuclear comeback 2026: SMRs, generational divide, and climate goals after Chernobyl

Italy is moving to bring back nuclear power four decades after Chernobyl. The government led by Premier Giorgia Meloni is pushing legislation to create a legal framework for small modular reactors (SMRs) and other advanced nuclear technologies. Supporters argue nuclear can help meet rising electricity demand, cut carbon emissions, and improve energy security after the Ukraine and Iran conflicts. A June 2026 survey found 55% of Italians support next-generation nuclear, with younger generations more open to the technology. Critics question the economics. SMRs remain commercially unproven at scale, and a single 300 MW unit could cost 3 to 6 billion euros before grid expenses. Italy also lacks a national repository for existing nuclear waste, and local opposition to reactor siting remains strong. The government expects private capital to fund most projects, but some analysts say high costs and investor caution could slow progress. The first reactors might not operate until 2033 to 2035. Despite the hurdles, the political momentum is real. Parliament is expected to approve the framework soon, with implementing decrees due within 12 months. The debate now shifts from whether Italy should restart nuclear to where reactors will be built and who will pay. That is the part worth watching for anyone tracking low-carbon energy deployment and climate finance in Europe.