The global transition away from coal, oil, and gas faces a significant gap between policy goals and actual consumption. While renewable energy investments are growing, fossil fuels still dominate the energy mix, and coal expansion persists in several regions. Achieving carbon neutrality requires a massive scaling of capital, with annual renewable investments needing to exceed 4 trillion dollars by 2030. Key hurdles include persistent fossil fuel subsidies and the structural difficulty of decarbonizing heavy transport and industrial heat.
