Four-stage pathway for global energy system transformation to carbon neutrality proposed in Engineering journal

A new article in the journal Engineering outlines a four-stage system integration pathway for transforming the global energy system toward carbon neutrality. The pathway starts with electrification via smart grids and scaled wind and solar, then moves to integrating electricity, heating, and fuel networks. Later stages focus on aligning energy cycles with natural systems using biomass and negative emissions, and eventually exploring advanced technologies like nuclear fusion. The authors argue the shift requires coordinated changes across politics, economy, and society, not just technology or policy. The study also introduces the T-ESGO framework, which combines experts, models, and data to manage energy, material, carbon, and information flows. It emphasizes innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and international cooperation as key drivers. The authors note that international mechanisms must evolve through each stage, from technological alliances to green trade agreements. The framework aims to support iterative learning and practical implementation for systemic decarbonization challenges.