Carbon Footprint of Bottled vs Tap Water: Barcelona Study
bioengineer.orgA study in Barcelona compares the environmental and health impacts of bottled, tap, and filtered water. The research finds that bottled water has the highest carbon emissions due to plastic production and transportation logistics. Tap water remains the most energy efficient option, while filtered water falls in the middle due to the lifecycle costs of filter cartridges. The findings suggest that municipal water systems provide a low carbon alternative without compromising public health standards.